New York Times???In Hard Times, Fear Can Impair Decision-Making ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????we attached electrodes to the tops of their feet. Although notunbearably painful, the shocks were designed to be unpleasant enoughthat the individual would prefer to avoid them altogether. Thekicker was that they had to wait for the shocks. Every trial began witha statement of how big the shock would be and how long they would haveto wait for it: a range of one to almost 30 seconds. For many people,the wait was worse than the shock. Given a choice, almost everyonepreferred to expedite the shock rather than wait for it. Nearly a thirdfeared waiting so much that, when given the chance, they preferredgetting a bigger shock right away to waiting for a smaller shock later.It sounds illogical, but fear ??? whether of pain or of losing a job ???does strange things to decision-making.???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????when our brains sense  pain, or anticipate loss, we tend to hold onto what we have???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????It means avoiding people who are overly pessimistic about the economy.It means tuning out media that fan emotional flames. Unless you are aday-trader, it means closing the Web page with the market ticker. Itdoes mean being prepared, but not being a hypervigilant,everyone-in-the-bunker type.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

投稿者： On Off and Beyond 投稿日時： 2008年12月14日(日) 05:36